ABSTRACT
The middle meningeal artery is traditionally described by the human anatomy books as having its origin inthe first portion of the maxillary artery. However, more detailed studies have shown that there are numerousvariations on this arterial segment with considerable clinical importance. Therefore, the aim of this study wasto perform a wide review about this aspect analyzing scientific articles and textbooks. Thus, this review shallbe useful for clinicians, surgeons and academics that manipulate and keep interest for this particular anatomicalsite.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Meningeal Arteries/anatomy & histology , Meningeal Arteries/embryologyABSTRACT
A case of ossification of the right styloid ligament in an adult human caucasian skull was verified duringroutine activities of the Laboratory of Human Anatomy at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul - Brazil. Thisstudy presents its clinical considerations and applications. The presence of other anatomical variations was notverified.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Skull/anatomy & histology , Skull/abnormalities , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Osteogenesis/physiology , Ligaments/abnormalities , Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal LigamentABSTRACT
Ammonium salt derivatives of natural allylphenols were synthesized with the purpose of obtaining potential peripheral analgesics. These drugs, by virtue of their physicochemical properties, would not be able to cross the blood brain barrier. Their inability to enter into the central nervous system (CNS) should prevent several adverse effects observed with classical opiate analgesics (Ferreira et al., 1984). Eugenol (1) O-methyleugenol (5) and safrole (9) were submitted to nitration, reduction and permethylation, leading to the ammonium salts 4, 8 and 12. Another strategy applied to eugenol (1), consisting in its conversion to a glycidic ether (13), opening the epoxide ring with secondary amines and methylation, led to the ammonium salts 16 and 17. All these ammonium salts showed significant peripheral analgesic action, in modified version of the Randall-Sellito test (Ferreira et al. 1978), at non-lethal doses. The ammonium salt 8 showed an activity comparable to that of methylnalorphinium, the prototype of an ideal peripheral analgesic (Ferreira et al., 1984).